While blood pressure varies by vascular site, it generally refers to arterial pressure measured in the upper arm, with hypertension clinically defined as a repeated average systolic reading of $\ge$ 140 mmHg or a diastolic reading of $\ge$ 90 mmHg.
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01 Primary (Essential) Hypertension• Accounts for 90–95% of cases with no single identifiable cause, representing most domestic patients.
• Driven primarily by genetics, alcohol, smoking, aging, obesity, high-sodium diets, and stress. -
02 Secondary Hypertension• Accounts for 5–10% of cases, triggered by underlying kidney, vascular, adrenal, or thyroid conditions.
• Resolves by treating the primary disease; more frequently diagnosed in relatively younger populations.
• Known as the 'silent killer,' hypertension generally presents no symptoms until complications develop.
• Occasional headaches, neck stiffness, or dizziness may occur, but clinical presentations vary greatly by individual.
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01
Avoid smoking and caffeine intake at least 30 minutes before measurement.
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02
Empty your bladder before measurement, as a full bladder elevates blood pressure.
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03
Rest for 5 minutes and place your arm on a table at heart level.
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04
Wear thin, loose sleeves and remove heavy outer clothing for proper exposure.
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05
Record the higher arm reading, and remeasure if the interarm difference is $\ge$ 20 mmHg.
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Weight Control
Reduce weight to maintain a normal BMI, as obesity increases hypertension risk 5-fold.
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Exercise
Fast walking for 30 minutes 3 times a week lowers systolic and diastolic pressure by 5 mmHg.
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Dietary Diet
Follow a low-sodium, low-fat diet while ensuring adequate intake of potassium and calcium.
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Smoking & Alcohol
Commit to complete smoking cessation and limit alcohol intake below 28g up to twice a week.
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Stress Management
Reduce daily psychological stress and maintain a regular, high-quality sleep schedule.
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Medication
Initiate targeted pharmacological therapy if lifestyle modifications fail to control blood pressure.
its complications pose the greatest threat.
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder caused by insufficient insulin secretion or impaired insulin function, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia that triggers systemic symptoms and causes glucose to excrete in the urine.
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01 Type 1 Diabetes• Caused by the pancreas failing to produce insulin, commonly referred to as 'juvenile diabetes.'
• Typically diagnosed before age 30, requiring lifelong external insulin therapy for survival. -
02 Type 2 Diabetes• Characterized by insulin resistance, driven by lifestyle factors like high-calorie diets and lack of exercise.
• Mostly diagnosed over age 40, though cases under age 30 are rapidly rising due to Westernized habits.
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01
Weight Loss
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02
Blurred Vision
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03
Polyuria & Excessive Foamy Urine
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04
Slow Wound Healing
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05
Frequent Thirst
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06
Fatigue
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Blood Glucose Test
Measures the level of glucose in the blood to determine the presence of diabetes.
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Urine Glucose Test
Detects glucose in the urine to identify abnormal blood sugar levels.
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HbA1c Test
Evaluates the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months.
- Plasma glucose $\ge$ 200mg/dL at any time, alongside classic symptoms (thirst, polyuria, unexplained weight loss).
- Fasting plasma glucose $\ge$ 126mg/dL checked after an 8-hour overnight fast.
- 2-hour plasma glucose $\ge$ 200mg/dL following a standard 75g oral glucose tolerance test.
- Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of $\ge$ 6.5% via standard blood screening.
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Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes strictly requires continuous external insulin therapy.
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Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes focuses on lifestyle modification, with additional medication added if necessary.
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Exercise Therapy
• Undergo pre-exercise screening to select safe, personalized activities and prevent risks.
• Engage in physical activities lasting about 30 minutes at least 3 times a week. -
Dietary Therapy
• Avoid excessive fasting; follow prescribed calorie targets based on age, sex, and activity.
• Eat balanced meals at regular intervals to ensure even, complete nutrient intake.
and it can affect anyone.
Dyslipidemia refers to a condition where the amount of cholesterol or triglycerides, types of lipids in the blood, is higher than normal levels. If a large amount of lipids is present in the blood, fatty substances deposit on the arterial walls, narrowing the blood vessels, which consequently increases the risk of developing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
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01 Primary CausesGenetic factors (cholesterol is genetically not well removed by the liver), gender factors (as people age, cholesterol levels tend to rise in both women and men, especially in women where cholesterol levels increase after menopause), excessive consumption of animal fats, triglycerides due to excessive drinking, obesity, and lack of exercise.
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02 Secondary Causes
Factors induced by diseases, pregnancy, or medication (hypothyroidism, diabetes, etc.).
Dyslipidemia refers to a condition where the amount of cholesterol or triglycerides, types of lipids in the blood, is higher than normal levels. If a large amount of lipids is present in the blood, fatty substances deposit on the arterial walls, narrowing the blood vessels, which consequently increases the risk of developing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
Fasting blood test is performed, and it is diagnosed as dyslipidemia in the following cases.
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Total Cholesterol
230mg/dl or higher
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Triglycerides
150mg/dl or higher
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LDL Cholesterol
130mg/dl or higher
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Dietary therapy, such as avoiding foods high in animal fat or cholesterol, is the basis.
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Perform aerobic exercise 3-4 times a week, for 30 minutes to 1 hour each time.
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When blood lipid levels are too high and control is difficult with lifestyle therapy alone, pharmacological therapy is considered.
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